Absent-mindedness
Absent-mindedness is a mental state wherein a person is forgetfully inattentive. It is the opposite mental state of mindfulness.
Gaga bias encyclopedie
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Accountability diffusion in AI
What is Accountability Diffusion in AI? Accountability diffusion in AI is the tendency for responsibility to spread so widely across people, teams, and systems that work on AI projects that no one feels fully answerable for an outcome.…
Action Bias
What is the Action Bias? The action bias describes our tendency to favor action over inaction, often to our benefit. However, sometimes, we feel compelled to act, even if there’s no evidence that it will lead to a better outcome than doing nothing would.…
Actor–observer asymmetry
Actor–observer asymmetry (also actor–observer bias or actor–observer difference) is a bias one exhibits when forming attributions about the behavior of others or themselves.…
Affect Heuristic
What is the Affect Heuristic? The affect heuristic describes how we often rely on our emotions, rather than concrete information, when making decisions.…
Affective forecasting
Affective forecasting, also known as hedonic forecasting or the hedonic forecasting mechanism, is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future.…
AI Literacy Gap
What is the AI literacy gap? AI literacy is the combination of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that enables people to understand and work with AI systems in an informed way.…
Ambiguity effect
The ambiguity effect is a cognitive tendency where decision making is affected by a lack of information, or "ambiguity". The effect implies that people tend to select options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is known, over an option for which t…
Anchoring (cognitive bias)
['Tendency to base judgments on an irrelevant anchor\nThe anchoring effect is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual\'s judgments or decisions are influenced by a reference point or "anchor" which can be completely irrelevant.\n\nThe original descri…
Anchoring (referentie-effect)
Anchoring, ofwel het referentie-effect is een cognitive bias die ervoor zorgt dat we onze besluiten of schattingen te veel baseren op de eerste informatie die wordt gegeven (ofwel de referentie of het anker).…
Anchoring Bias
What is the Anchoring bias? The anchoring bias is a cognitive bias that causes us to rely heavily on the first piece of information we are given about a topic.…
Anecdotal evidence
Anecdotal evidence (or anecdata) is evidence based on descriptions and reports of individual, personal experiences, or observations, collected in a non-systematic manner.…
Anecdotal fallacy (Volvo fallacy): betekenis & voorbeelden
De anekdotische drogreden, of ‘Volvo fallacy’, is de cognitieve denkfout die misschien wel het vaakst voorkomt bij ondernemers. Hij is aantrekkelijk omdat het natuurlijk en logisch voelt om te vertrouwen op de ervaringen van anderen.…
Anthropomorphism
Anthropomorphism is the ascribing or depicition of human form, personality, or attributes to non-human entities, often including non-human animals.…
Appeal to novelty
The appeal to novelty (also called appeal to modernity or argumentum ad novitatem) is a logical fallacy in which one prematurely claims that an idea or proposal is correct or superior, exclusively because it is new and modern.…
Appeal to probability
An appeal to probability (or appeal to possibility, also known as possibiliter ergo probabiliter, "possibly, therefore probably") is the logical fallacy of taking something for granted because it is possibly the case.…
Argument from fallacy
Argument from fallacy is the formal fallacy of analyzing an argument and inferring that, since it contains a fallacy, its conclusion must be false.…
Attentional bias
Attentional bias refers to how a person's perception is affected by selective factors in their attention. Attentional biases may explain an individual's failure to consider alternative possibilities when occupied with an existing train of thought.
Authority bias
Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion.…
Automation bias
Automation bias is the propensity for humans to favor suggestions from automated decision-making systems and to ignore contradictory information made without automation, even if it is correct.…
Availability heuristic
The availability heuristic, also known as availability bias, is a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method, or decision.…
Baader-Meinhof fenomeen (frequentie-illusie) uitgelegd
Je koopt een nieuwe auto. Een paar dagen later lijkt het alsof iedereen ineens in precies datzelfde model rijdt. Alsof het aantal auto’s op de weg van de ene op de andere dag is verdubbeld. In werkelijkheid is er niets veranderd, behalve jouw aandacht.…
Bandwagon effect
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so.…
Barnum effect
The Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect or, less commonly, the Barnum–Forer effect, is a common psychological phenomenon whereby individuals give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically to th…
Base rate fallacy
The base rate fallacy, also called base rate neglect or base rate bias, is a type of fallacy in which people tend to ignore the base rate (e.g., general prevalence) in favor of the information pertaining only to a specific case.…
Belief bias
Belief bias is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they justify that conclusion.…
Belief Perseverance (The Backfire Effect)
What is Belief Perseverance? Belief perseverance , also known as the backfire effect or conceptual conservatism, describes how we continue to hold onto established beliefs even when faced with clear, contradictory evidence.…
Benjamin Franklin effect
What is the Benjamin Franklin effect? The Benjamin Franklin effect describes how doing a favor for someone can actually make us feel more positively towards that person.…
Bias blind spot
The bias blind spot is the cognitive bias of recognizing the impact of biases on the judgment of others, while failing to see the impact of biases on one's own judgment.…
Bike-shed effect (law of triviality)
Bike-shed effect is ook wel bekend als de Parkinson’s law of triviality. Het bike-shed effect is de neiging om verhoudingsgewijs veel meer tijd te spenderen aan triviale issues ten opzichte van belangrijke complexe zaken.
Bikeshedding
What is Bikeshedding? Bikeshedding , also known as Parkinson’s law of triviality, describes our tendency to devote a disproportionate amount of our time to menial and trivial matters while leaving important matters unattended.
Bizarreness effect
Bizarreness effect is the proposed tendency of bizarre material to be better remembered than common material. The effect does not occur in all contexts, and the set of all material must vary in bizarreness for it to emerge.
Bottom-Dollar Effect
What is the Bottom-Dollar Effect? The bottom dollar effect describes our tendency to dislike products and services that exhaust our remaining budget. We are less satisfied with our purchases if they cause a strain on our finances.
Bounded Rationality
What is bounded rationality? Bounded rationality is a human decision-making process in which we attempt to satisfice rather than optimize due to limitations in our cognitive abilities.…
Bundling Bias
What is Bundling Bias? The bundling bias describes our tendency not to use up all the experiences that are bought as a group, which means that we don’t get the full value of a bundle compared to an individual purchase.
Bye-Now Effect
What is the Bye-Now Effect? The bye-now effect describes the tendency for consumers to think of the word “buy” when they see the word “bye.” This priming effect, triggered by the homophone for “buy,” can subtly influence consumer behavior and lead to increased…
Bystander effect
Het bystander effect, ofwel het omstandereffect, is het uitblijven van het bieden van hulp door omstanders bij een noodsituatie of een misdrijf. Zo komt het voor dat mensen passief toekijken (of wegkijken) bij bijvoorbeeld zinloos geweld, berovingen, verkeerso…
Cashless Effect
What is the Cashless Effect? The cashless effect describes our tendency to be more willing to pay when there is no physical money involved in a transaction.…
Category Size Bias
What is Category Size Bias? Category size bias describes our tendency to believe outcomes are more likely to occur if they are part of a large category rather than part of a small category, even if each outcome is equally likely.…
Cheerleader effect
The cheerleader effect, also known as the group attractiveness effect or the friend effect, is a proposed cognitive bias which causes people to perceive individuals as 1.5–2.0% more attractive in a group than when seen alone.…
Choice Overload
What is Choice Overload? Choice overload, also known as overchoice, choice paralysis, or the paradox of choice , describes how people get overwhelmed when they are presented with many options.…
Choice overload (keuzestress): betekenis & voorbeelden in marketing
Denk aan het kiezen van een nieuwe smartphone. Vroeger waren er slechts enkele modellen beschikbaar, wat het kiezen relatief eenvoudig maakte. Tegenwoordig is de markt overspoeld met honderden modellen, elk met hun eigen specificaties en functies.…
Choice-supportive bias
Choice-supportive bias or post-purchase rationalization is the tendency to retroactively ascribe positive attributes to an option one has selected and/or to demote the forgone options.…
Clustering illusion
The clustering illusion is the tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable "streaks" or "clusters" arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random.…
Cobra effect
Bij het oplossen van complexe problemen moet je goed uitkijken dat je niet het verkeerde gedrag stimuleert. Een goedbedoelde interventie om het probleem op te lossen, kan namelijk het perverse effect hebben dat het zomaar het tegenovergestelde bereikt van het…
Cognitieve bias: betekenis, uitleg en soorten biases
Mensen nemen elke dag duizenden beslissingen, vaak sneller dan ze zelf doorhebben. Ons brein gebruikt daarbij mentale shortcuts. Heuristieken die helpen om snel te handelen, maar die ook systematische denkfouten kunnen veroorzaken.…
Cognitieve dissonantie: betekenis – voorbeelden & marketing
Je hebt net geïnvesteerd in een dure marketingcampagne, maar kort daarna lees je een artikel dat deze strategie verouderd is. Er ontstaat direct een knagend gevoel: heb je een verkeerde keuze gemaakt, of klopt dat artikel niet? […] Read More…
Cognitive Dissonance
What is Cognitive Dissonance? Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort we experience when we hold two or more conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values simultaneously.…
Commitment Bias
What is the Commitment Bias? Commitment bias , also known as the escalation of commitment, describes our tendency to remain committed to our past behaviors, particularly those exhibited publicly, even if they do not have desirable outcomes.
Confabulation
Confabulation is a memory error consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world. It is generally associated with certain types of brain damage (especially aneurysm in the anterior communicating arter…
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias (also confirmatory bias, myside bias, or congeniality bias) is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one's prior beliefs or values.…
Congruence bias
Congruence bias is the tendency of people to over-rely on testing their initial hypothesis (the most congruent one) while neglecting to test alternative hypotheses.…
Conjunction fallacy
A conjunction effect or Linda problem is a bias or mistake in reasoning where adding extra details (an "and" statement or logical conjunction; mathematical shorthand: ∧ {\displaystyle \land } ) to a sentence makes it appear more likely.…
Conservatism (belief revision)
In cognitive psychology and decision science, conservatism or conservatism bias is a bias which refers to the tendency to revise one's belief insufficiently when presented with new evidence.…
Context effect
A context effect is an aspect of cognitive psychology that describes the influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus. The impact of context effects is considered to be part of top-down design.
Contrast effect
A contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension.…
Cross-race effect
The cross-race effect (sometimes called cross-race bias, other-race bias, own-race bias or other-race effect) is the tendency to more easily recognize faces that belong to one's own racial group, or racial groups that one has been in contact with.…
Cryptomnesia
Cryptomnesia occurs when a forgotten memory returns without it being recognized as such by the subject, who believes it is something new and original.…
Cue-dependent forgetting
Cue-dependent forgetting, or retrieval failure, is the failure to recall information without memory cues. The term either pertains to semantic cues, state-dependent cues or context-dependent cues.
Curse of knowledge
The curse of knowledge, also called the curse of expertise or expert's curse, is a cognitive bias that occurs when a person who has specialized knowledge assumes that others share in that knowledge.…
Decision Fatigue
What is Decision Fatigue? Decision fatigue describes how the quality of our decision-making declines as we make additional choices, as our cognitive abilities get worn out.…
Declinism
Declinism is the belief that a society or institution is tending towards decline. Particularly, it is the predisposition, caused by cognitive biases such as rosy retrospection, to view the past more favourably and the future more negatively.
Decoy effect
In marketing, the decoy effect (or attraction effect or asymmetric dominance effect) is the phenomenon whereby consumers will tend to have a specific change in preference between two options when also presented with a third option that is asymmetrically domina…
Defensive attribution hypothesis
The defensive attribution hypothesis (or bias, theory, or simply defensive attribution) is a social psychological term where an observer attributes the causes for a mishap to minimize their fear of being a victim or a cause in a similar situation.…
Delegation Creep Bias
What is Delegation Creep in AI? Delegation creep in AI is a bias where people and organizations steadily expand what they let automated systems do.…
Denomination effect
The denomination effect is a form of cognitive bias relating to currency, suggesting people may be less likely to spend larger currency denominations than their equivalent value in smaller denominations.…
Disposition effect
The disposition effect is the tendency, or disposition, of investors to sell their winning positions too early and to hold their losing positions too long.…
Distinction bias
Distinction bias, a concept of decision theory, is the tendency to view two options as more distinctive when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately.…
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Dunning–Kruger effect
The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that describes the systematic tendency of people with low ability in a specific area to give overly positive assessments of this ability.…
Duration neglect
Duration neglect is the psychological observation that people's judgments of the unpleasantness of painful experiences depend very little on the duration of those experiences.…
Effort justification
Effort justification is an idea and paradigm in social psychology stemming from Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance. Effort justification is a person's tendency to attribute the value of an outcome they put effort into achieving as greater than the…
Egocentric bias
Egocentric bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on one's own perspective or to have a higher opinion of oneself than reality. It has been linked to psychological motivations related to self-enhancement and has been shown to influence memory processes.
Einstellung Effect
Einstellung Effect Why do our past experiences prevent us from reaching the best possible outcome? What is the Einstellung Effect? The Einstellung effect describes when we approach a problem with a mindset that worked for us in the past, even if a more efficie…
Empathy gap
An empathy gap, sometimes referred to as an empathy bias, is a breakdown or reduction in empathy (the ability to recognize, understand, and share another's thoughts and feelings) where it might otherwise be expected to occur.…
Endowment effect
In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect, also known as divestiture aversion, is the finding that people are more likely to retain an object they own than acquire that same object when they do not own it.…
Escalation of commitment
Escalation of commitment is a pattern of decision-making in which individuals or groups continue to invest in a chosen course of action despite mounting evidence that the decision is wrong or that the project is unlikely to succeed.…
Essentialism
Essentialism is the view that objects have a set of attributes that are necessary to their identity. In early Western thought, Platonic idealism held that all things have such an "essence"—an "idea" or "form".
Extrinsic incentives bias
The extrinsic incentives bias is an attributional bias according to which people attribute relatively more to "extrinsic incentives" (such as monetary reward) than to "intrinsic incentives" (such as learning a new skill) when weighing the motives of others rat…
Fading affect bias
The fading affect bias, more commonly known as FAB, is a psychological phenomenon in which memories associated with negative emotions tend to be forgotten more quickly than those associated with positive emotions.…
False consensus effect
In psychology, the false consensus effect, also known as consensus bias, is a pervasive cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate the extent to which other people share their beliefs and views; it is the tendency to "see their own behavioral choices an…
False memory
In psychology, a false memory is a phenomenon where someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.…
FOMO (Fear Of Missing Out): betekenis & gebruik in marketing
Toen ChatGPT eind 2022 plotseling wereldwijd viraal ging, ontstond er onder ondernemers onmiddellijk een aandrang om ‘iets met AI’ te doen. […] Read More…
Framing Effect
What is the Framing Effect? The framing effect is when our decisions are influenced by the way information is presented. Equivalent information can be more or less attractive depending on what features are highlighted.
Framing effect (psychology)
Framing effect is a cognitive bias where people's decisions change depending on how options or statements are framed, even when they are logically identical.…
Frequency illusion
The frequency illusion (also known as the Baader–Meinhof phenomenon) is a cognitive bias in which a person notices a specific concept, word, or product more frequently after recently becoming aware of it.…
Functional fixedness
Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. The concept of functional fixedness originated in Gestalt psychology, a movement in psychology that emphasizes holistic processing.
Fundamental attribution error
In social psychology, the fundamental attribution error is a cognitive attribution bias in which observers underemphasize situational and environmental factors for the behavior of an actor while overemphasizing dispositional or personality factors.…
Gamber’s fallacy (ofwel gokkersmisvatting)
De neiging te denken dat een willekeurige gebeurtenis meer of minder kans heeft plaats te vinden op basis van eerdere gebeurtenissen. Deze bias zorgt ervoor dat je bijvoorbeeld in het casino bij de roulette na een lange reeks zwart gaat denken dat het balletje…
Gambler's fallacy
The gambler's fallacy, also known as the Monte Carlo fallacy or the fallacy of the maturity of chances, is the belief that, if an event (whose occurrences are independent and identically distributed) has occurred less frequently than expected, it is more likel…
Generation effect
The generation effect is a phenomenon whereby information is better remembered if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read. Researchers have struggled to fully explain why generated information is better recalled than read information, as no…
Google effect
The Google effect, also called digital amnesia, is the tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines.…
Group attribution error
The group attribution error refers to people's tendency to believe either the characteristics of an individual group member are reflective of the group as a whole, or a group's decision outcome must reflect the preferences of individual group members, even whe…
Halo effect
The halo effect (sometimes called the halo error)—a term coined by Edward Thorndike—is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, country, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one's opinion or feelings of a person, company, co…
Hard–easy effect
The hard–easy effect is a cognitive bias that manifests itself as a tendency to overestimate the probability of one's success at a task perceived as hard, and to underestimate the likelihood of one's success at a task perceived as easy.…
Het struisvogel effect (ostrich effect)
Struisvogels steken hun kop in het zand wanneer ze gevaar voelen aankomen, aannemende dat het gevaar weg gaat als ze het lang genoeg vermijden. Wij mensen zijn niet anders.…
Het Zeigarnik effect: betekenis & voorbeelden in marketing
Wie A zegt, wil ook B zeggen. Met andere woorden: Als je eenmaal ergens aan begonnen bent, wil je het ook afmaken. Dit principe ligt ten grondslag aan het Zeigarnik-effect. Ontdek in dit artikel wat dit effect is en hoe je het effectief inzet als ondernemer.…
Heuristics
What are Heuristics? Heuristics are mental shortcuts that can facilitate problem-solving and probability judgments. These strategies are generalizations, or rules-of-thumb, that reduce cognitive load.…
Hindsight bias
Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they were.…
Hot-hand fallacy
['Cognitive bias\nFor other uses, see Hot hand (disambiguation).\nThe hot hand (also known as the hot hand phenomenon or hot hand fallacy ) is the putative tendency for an athlete to have streaks of success higher than their average performance.…
Humor effect
Het humor effect is een cognitieve bias die ervoor zorgt dat je grappige informatie beter onthoudt. Het humor effect draagt bij aan verschillende typen geheugen, zoals het herkennen van zaken die je bent tegengekomen, en herinneren van informatie.…
Hyperbolic discounting
In economics, hyperbolic discounting is a time-inconsistent model of delay discounting. It is one of the cornerstones of behavioral economics and its brain-basis is actively being studied by neuroeconomics researchers.
Identifiable victim effect
The identifiable victim effect is the tendency of individuals to offer greater aid when a specific, identifiable person ("victim") is observed under hardship, as compared to a large, vaguely defined group with the same need.…
IKEA effect
The IKEA effect is a cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created. The name refers to Swedish manufacturer and furniture retailer IKEA, which sells many items of furniture that require assembly.
Illusion of asymmetric insight
The illusion of asymmetric insight is a cognitive bias whereby people perceive their knowledge of others to surpass other people's knowledge of them.…
Illusion of control
The illusion of control is the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events. It was named by American psychologist Ellen Langer and is thought to influence gambling behavior and belief in the paranormal.
Illusion of control bias
We geloven dat we meer invloed op gebeurtenissen hebben dan eigenlijk het geval is. Zelfs als iets gebaseerd is op toeval, denken we dat we het op een of andere manier kunnen beïnvloeden.
Illusion of external agency
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Illusion of transparency
The illusion of transparency is a tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which their personal mental state is known by others. Another manifestation of the illusion of transparency (sometimes called the observer's illusion of transparency) is a tend…
Illusion of validity
Illusion of validity is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates their ability to interpret and predict accurately the outcome when analyzing a set of data, in particular when the data analyzed show a very consistent pattern—that is, when the data "tel…
Illusory correlation
In psychology, illusory correlation is the phenomenon of perceiving a relationship between variables (typically people, events, or behaviors) even when no such relationship exists.…
Illusory superiority
In social psychology, illusory superiority is a cognitive bias wherein people overestimate their own qualities and abilities compared to others. Illusory superiority is one of many positive illusions, relating to the self, that are evident in the study of inte…
Illusory truth effect
The illusory truth effect (also known as the illusion of truth effect, validity effect, truth effect, or the reiteration effect) is the tendency to believe false information to be correct after repeated exposure.…
Impact bias
In the psychology of affective forecasting, the impact bias, a form of which is the durability bias, is the tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of future emotional states.
Implicit stereotype
An implicit bias or implicit stereotype is the pre-reflective attribution of particular qualities by an individual to a member of some social out group.…
In-group Bias
What is In-Group Bias? In-group bias (also known as in-group favoritism) is the tendency of people to give preferential treatment to others who belong to the same group as they do.…
In-group favoritism
In-group favoritism, sometimes known as in-group–out-group bias, in-group bias, intergroup bias, or in-group preference, is a pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members.…
Incentivization
What is Incentivization? Incentivization is attaching a reward to a given behavior, or threatening a penalty for failing to do that behavior. In some cases, incentives are powerful tools to motivate people to take a certain action.…
Information bias (psychology)
Information bias is a cognitive bias to seek information when it does not affect action. An example of information bias is believing that the more information that can be acquired to make a decision, the better, even if that extra information is irrelevant for…
Insensitivity to sample size
Insensitivity to sample size is a cognitive bias where people estimate the probability of obtaining a sample statistic without considering the sample size.…
Just-world hypothesis
['Idea that everyone faces consequence as they deserve\n\nThe just-world fallacy , or just-world hypothesis , is the cognitive bias that assumes that "people get what they deserve" – that actions will necessarily have morally fair and fitting consequences for…
Kuddegedrag (herd behavior)
Kuddegedrag (ofwel herd behavior) is het fenomeen waarbij mensen iets doen, voornamelijk omdat andere mensen het doen. Hierbij negeren of overrulen ze hun eigen overtuigingen. Mensen volgen de kudde omdat het veiliger voelt.…
Lag Effect
What is the Lag Effect? The lag effect suggests that we retain information better when there are longer breaks between repeated presentations of that information.
Lake Wobegon
Lake Wobegon is a fictional town created by Garrison Keillor as the setting of the recurring segment "News from Lake Wobegon" for the radio program A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Saint Paul, Minnesota.…
Law of the Instrument
What is the Law of the Instrument? According to the law of the instrument , when we acquire a new skill, we tend to see opportunities to use it everywhere.…
Law of triviality
The law of triviality is C. Northcote Parkinson's 1957 argument that people within an organization commonly give disproportionate weight to trivial issues.…
Less-is-better effect
The less-is-better effect is a cognitive bias that causes people to favor a lesser option when it is presented separately, but to prefer the better option when both are presented together. The term was first proposed by Christopher Hsee.
Leveling and sharpening
Leveling and sharpening are two functions that are automatic and exist within memory. Sharpening is usually the way people remember small details in the retelling of stories they have experienced or are retelling those stories.
Levels-of-processing effect
['Psychological model of memory\nThe levels of processing model , created by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, describes memory recall of stimuli as a function of the depth of mental processing, where deeper levels of processing produce more e…
List of cognitive biases
In psychology and cognitive science, cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in psychology, sociology and behavioral economics.
Look-elsewhere Effect
What is the Look-elsewhere Effect? The Look-elsewhere Effect describes how, when scientists analyze the results of their experiments, results that are apparently statistically significant might actually have arisen by chance.…
Loss aversion
In cognitive science and behavioral economics, loss aversion refers to a cognitive bias in which the same situation is perceived as worse if it is framed as a loss, rather than a gain.…
Masked-man fallacy
In philosophical logic, the masked-man fallacy (also known as the intensional fallacy or epistemic fallacy) is the false assumption that knowledge or a belief about an object (an intension) can be used to correctly tell it apart from another object (as opposed…
Memory inhibition
In psychology, memory inhibition is the ability not to remember irrelevant information. The scientific concept of memory inhibition should not be confused with everyday uses of the word "inhibition".
Mental accounting
Mental accounting (or psychological accounting) is a model of consumer behaviour developed by Richard Thaler that attempts to describe the process whereby people code, categorize and evaluate economic outcomes.…
Mere-exposure effect
The mere-exposure effect is a psychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a liking or disliking for things merely because they are familiar with them. In social psychology, this effect is sometimes called the familiarity principle.
Messenger Effect
What is the Messenger Effect? The messenger effect is a cognitive bias that causes us to judge the validity or relevance of information based on its source.…
Mimesis: betekenis, werking & toepassing in (online) marketing
Waarom lijken succesvolle bedrijven zo vaak op elkaar? Of het nu streamingdiensten zijn die Netflix volgen, smartphonefabrikanten die Apple’s ontwerpen imiteren, of Nederlandse webshop ondernemers die de een design hebben wat wel erg veel op Coolblue lijkt, na…
Misattribution of memory
In psychology, the misattribution of memory or source misattribution is the misidentification of the origin of a memory by the person making the memory recall.…
Misinformation effect
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's recall of episodic memories becomes less accurate because of post-event information. The misinformation effect has been studied since the mid-1970s.
Modality effect
The modality effect is a term used in experimental psychology, most often in the fields dealing with memory and learning, to refer to how learner performance depends on the presentation mode of studied items.
Money illusion
In economics, money illusion, or price illusion, is a cognitive bias where money is thought of in nominal, rather than real terms. In other words, the face value (nominal value) of money is mistaken for its purchasing power (real value) at a previous point in…
Mood congruence
In psychology, mood congruence is the consistency between a person's emotional state with the broader situations and circumstances being experienced by the person at that time.…
Moral luck
Moral luck describes circumstances whereby a moral agent is assigned moral blame or praise for an action or its consequences, even if it is clear that said agent did not have full control over either the action or its consequences.…
Motivating Uncertainty Effect
What is the Motivating-Uncertainty Effect? We often find ourselves to be more motivated by rewards of unknown magnitudes than by known rewards because the uncertainty makes it feel like a game.…
Murphy's law
Murphy's law is an adage or epigram that is typically stated as: "Anything that can go wrong will go wrong." Though similar statements and concepts have been made over the course of history, the law itself was coined by, and named after, American aerospace eng…
Naive Allocation
What is Naive Allocation? Naive allocation , otherwise known as naive diversification, or the diversification bias, refers to our tendency to equally divide our resources among the options available to us, regardless of whether the options themselves can be co…
Naïve cynicism
Naïve cynicism is a philosophy of mind, cognitive bias and form of psychological egoism that occurs when people naïvely expect more egocentric bias in others than actually is the case.…
Naive Realism
What is Naive Realism? Naive realism is the tendency to believe that our perception of the world reflects it exactly as it is, unbiased and unfiltered.…
Naïve realism (psychology)
In social psychology, naïve realism is the human tendency to believe that we see the world around us objectively, and that people who disagree with us must be uninformed, irrational, or biased.…
Negativity bias
The negativity bias, also known as the negativity effect, is a cognitive bias that human cognition is relatively more affected by a negative affect than an equally potent positive affect.…
Neglect of probability
The neglect of probability, a type of cognitive bias, is the tendency to disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty and is one simple way in which people regularly violate the normative rules for decision making.…
Next-in-line effect
The next-in-line effect is the phenomenon of people being unable to recall information concerning events immediately preceding their turn to perform. The effect was first studied experimentally by Malcolm Brenner in 1973.
Noble Edge Effect
What is the Noble Edge Effect? When companies demonstrate social responsibility that is perceived as genuine by consumers, they are rewarded with increased respect, which in turn leads to greater profits. That’s the noble edge effect .
Normalcy bias
Normalcy bias, or normality bias, is a cognitive bias which leads people to disbelieve or minimize threat warnings. Consequently, individuals underestimate the likelihood of a disaster, when it might affect them, and its potential adverse effects.
Nostalgia Effect
What is the Nostalgia Effect? Feelings of nostalgia, or sentimentality for days gone by, lead us to place increased value on social connectedness and less value on saving money.…
Not invented here
Not invented here (NIH) is the tendency to avoid using or buying products, research, standards, or knowledge from external origins. It is usually adopted by social, corporate, or institutional cultures.
Observer-expectancy effect
The observer-expectancy effect is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment.…
Occam's razor
In philosophy, Occam's razor (also spelled Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: novacula Occami) is the problem-solving principle that recommends searching for explanations constructed with the smallest possible set of elements.…
Omission bias
Omission bias is the phenomenon in which people prefer omission (inaction) over commission (action), and tend to judge harm as a result of commission more negatively than harm as a result of omission.…
Optimism bias
Optimism bias is the tendency of an individual to overestimate the likelihood of positive events and underestimate that of negative events. A cognitive bias, the optimistic bias is common across cultures, genders, ethnicities, nationalities, and age groups.
Ostrich effect
The ostrich effect, also known as the ostrich problem, was originally coined by Dan Galai and Orly Sade. The name comes from the common (but false) legend that ostriches bury their heads in the sand to avoid danger.
Out-group homogeneity
The out-group homogeneity effect is the perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members, e.g. "they are alike; we are diverse".
Outcome bias
The outcome bias is an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known. Specifically, the outcome effect occurs when the same "behavior produce[s] more ethical condemnation when it happen[s] to produce bad…
Overconfidence effect
The overconfidence effect is a cognitive bias in which a person's subjective confidence in their judgments is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgments, especially when confidence is relatively high.…
Overjustification Effect
What is the Overjustification Effect? The overjustification effect describes our tendency to become less intrinsically motivated to partake in an activity that we used to enjoy when offered an external incentive such as money or a reward.
Parasocial Trust in AI
What is Parasocial Trust in AI? Parasocial trust in AI is the tendency to treat human-like chatbots and assistants as if they were trusted social partners rather than tools.…
Pareidolia
) is the tendency for perception to impose a meaningful interpretation on a nebulous stimulus, usually visual, so that one detects an object, pattern, or meaning where there is none.…
Peak-end Rule
The peak–end rule is a psychological heuristic in which people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak (i.e., its most intense point) and at its end, rather than based on the total sum or average of every moment of the experience.…
Peltzman effect
Het Peltzman effect is de neiging meer risico te nemen als er veiligheidsmaatregelen zijn genomen. Het Peltzman effect is vernoemd naar Sam Peltzman, een professor in de economie aan de Chicago Booth School of Business.…
Pessimism bias
What is the Pessimism bias? The pessimism bias refers to the tendency to overestimate the likelihood of negative events while underestimating the likelihood of positive events.…
Picture superiority effect
The picture superiority effect refers to the phenomenon in which pictures and images are more likely to be remembered than words. This effect has been demonstrated in numerous experiments using different methods.
Placebo
A placebo ( plə-SEE-boh) can be roughly defined as a sham medical treatment. Common placebos include inert tablets (like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures.
Planning fallacy
The planning fallacy is a phenomenon in which predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed.…
Pluralistic Ignorance
What is Pluralistic Ignorance? Pluralistic ignorance is when we believe that our private views are different from those of the majority. This often leads them to suppress their own beliefs and behaviors to conform to what they perceive as the societal norm.
Positivity effect
The name derives from the 1913 novel Pollyanna by Eleanor H. Porter describing a girl who plays the "glad game"—trying to find something to be glad about in every sit phy's Law and other reasons why things go wrong . Price Stern Sloan. p. 41.…
Prejudice
Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived social group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived (usually unfavourable) evaluation or classification of another person based on that person's perceived pe…
Present bias
Mensen hebben de neiging om toe te geven aan verleidingen in het nu (een kleine beloning op de korte termijn), boven een grotere beloning op de lange termijn. Iedereen met goede voornemens heeft hier wel eens mee te maken gehad.…
Primacy Effect
What is the Primacy Effect? The primacy effect is the tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on.
Priming
What is priming? Priming , or, the priming effect , occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences their response to a subsequent prompt, without any awareness of the connection.…
Priming effect: betekenis & voorbeelden in marketing
Stel je voor dat je de geur van versgebakken brood ruikt bij het binnenkomen van de supermarkt; de kans is nu een stuk groter dat je met een brood in je mandje naar buiten komt. Dit is een bekend voorbeeld van het priming effect.…
Pro-innovation bias
In diffusion of innovation theory, a pro-innovation bias is a belief that innovation should be adopted by the whole society without the need for its alteration.…
Projection Bias
What is Projection Bias? The projection bias is a self-forecasting error where we overestimate how much our future selves will share the same beliefs, values and behaviors as our current selves, causing us to make short-sighted decisions.
Pseudocertainty effect
In prospect theory, the pseudocertainty effect is the tendency for people to perceive an outcome as certain while it is actually uncertain in multi-stage decision making.…
Reactance (psychology)
In psychology, reactance is an unpleasant motivational reaction to offers, persons, rules, regulations, advice, recommendations, information, and messages that are perceived to threaten or eliminate specific behavioral freedoms.…
Reactive devaluation
Reactive devaluation is a cognitive bias that occurs when a proposal is devalued if it appears to originate from an antagonist. The bias was proposed by Lee Ross and Constance Stillinger (1988).
Recall (memory)
Recall in memory refers to the mental process of retrieving information from the past. Along with encoding and storage, it is one of the three core processes of memory.
Recency Effect
What is the recency effect? The recency effect refers to our tendency to better remember and recall information presented to us most recently, compared to information we encountered earlier.…
Recency illusion
The recency illusion is the belief or impression, on the part of someone who has only recently become aware of a long-established phenomenon, that the phenomenon itself must be of recent origin.…
Regret Aversion
What is Regret Aversion? Regret aversion , also known as regret theory , occurs when a decision is made in order to avoid regretting the alternative decision in the future.…
Representativeness Heuristic
What is the Representativeness Heuristic? The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that we use when estimating probabilities. When we’re trying to determine how likely a certain event is, we often make our decision by assessing how similar it is t…
Response Bias
What is Response Bias? The response bias refers to our tendency to provide inaccurate, or even false, answers to self-report questions, such as those asked on surveys or in structured interviews.
Restraint bias
Restraint bias is the tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control impulsive behavior. An inflated self-control belief may lead to greater exposure to temptation, and increased impulsiveness.
Reverse psychology
Reverse psychology is a technique involving the assertion of a belief or behavior that is opposite to the one desired, with the expectation that this approach will encourage the subject of the persuasion to do what is actually desired.…
Rhyme-as-reason effect
The rhyme-as-reason effect, sometimes erroneously known as the Eaton–Rosen phenomenon, is a cognitive bias where sayings or aphorisms are perceived as more accurate or truthful when they rhyme.…
Risk compensation
Risk compensation is a theory which suggests that people typically adjust their behavior in response to perceived levels of risk, becoming more careful where they sense greater risk and less careful if they feel more protected.…
Rosy retrospection
Rosy retrospection is a proposed psychological phenomenon of recalling the past more positively than it was actually experienced. The highly unreliable nature of human memory is well documented and accepted amongst psychologists.
Salience Bias
What is the Salience Bias? The salience bias refers to our tendency to focus on information that stands out, whether due to its prominence, emotional impact, or vividness, often at the expense of other less noticeable or less emotionally charged details.
Selectieve perceptie: betekenis & voorbeelden in marketing
Ik zie, ik zie, wat jij niet ziet… want ik vind het interessant en jij waarschijnlijk niet! Hoe kan het toch dat consumenten sommige informatie totaal over het hoofd zien, terwijl jij ervan overtuigd bent dat de boodschap zo duidelijk is? Dat noemen we selecti…
Selective perception
Selective perception is the tendency to not notice and more quickly forget stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs. For example, a teacher may have a favorite student because they are biased by in-group favoritism.
Self-licensing
Self-licensing (also moral self-licensing, moral licensing, or licensing effect) is a term used in social psychology and marketing to describe the subconscious phenomenon whereby increased confidence and security in one's self-image or self-concept tends to ma…
Self-reference effect
The self-reference effect is a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on whether they are implicated in the information.…
Self-serving bias
A self-serving bias is any cognitive or perceptual process that is distorted by the need to maintain and enhance self-esteem, or the tendency to perceive oneself in an overly favorable manner.…
Semmelweis reflex
The Semmelweis reflex or "Semmelweis effect" is a metaphor for the reflex-like tendency to reject new evidence or new knowledge because it contradicts established norms, beliefs, or paradigms.
Serial-position effect
Serial-position effect is the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. The term was coined by Hermann Ebbinghaus through studies he performed on himself, and refers to the finding that recall accurac…
Sexual Overperception Bias
What is Sexual Overperception Bias? The sexual overperception bias relates to the tendency to overperceive another individual’s sexual interest in oneself.…
Social comparison bias
Social comparison bias refers to the tendency to feel dislike or competitiveness toward someone who is perceived as physically, socially, or mentally superior.…
Social desirability bias
['Response bias exhibited by survey respondents\nIn social science research social-desirability bias is a type of response bias that is the tendency of survey respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.…
Social Norms
What are Social Norms? Social norms are collectively held beliefs about what kind of behavior is appropriate in a given situation. They range from specific customs, like the Western tradition of shaking hands when you meet someone, to more general rules that g…
Social proof (sociale bewijslast)
Social proof is een psychologisch en sociaal fenomeen waar mensen bepalen wat het juiste is om te doen, door te kijken naar wat volgens anderen juist is. Het begrip is bedacht door Robert Cialdiani in 1984 in zijn boek: Influence: Science and Practice.…
Source Confusion
What is source confusion? Source confusion , also known as source misattribution or unconscious transference, is a type of memory error. It occurs when someone does not remember where certain memories come from.
Spacing effect
The spacing effect demonstrates that learning is more effective when study sessions are spaced out. This effect shows that more information is encoded into long-term memory by spaced study sessions, also known as spaced repetition or spaced presentation, than…
Spotlight effect
The spotlight effect is the psychological phenomenon by which people tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are. Being that one is constantly in the center of one's own world, an accurate evaluation of how much one is noticed by others is…
Status quo bias
A status quo bias or default bias is a cognitive bias which results from a preference for the maintenance of one's existing state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as…
Stereotype
In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.
Stereotypical bias
De stereotypical bias is de neiging die we hebben om het geloof over een specifieke categorie mensen te generaliseren. Hoewel dergelijke generalisaties handig kunnen zijn bij het nemen van snelle beslissingen, kunnen ze onjuist zijn wanneer ze worden toegepast…
Subadditivity effect
The subadditivity effect is the tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.
Subjective validation
Subjective validation, sometimes called personal validation effect, is a cognitive bias by which people will consider a statement or another piece of information to be correct if it has any personal meaning or significance to them.…
Suggestibility
Suggestibility is the quality of being inclined to accept and act on the suggestions of others. One may fill in gaps in certain memories with false information given by another when recalling a scenario or moment.
Sunk cost
In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered.…
Survivorship bias
Survivorship bias or survival bias is the logical error of concentrating on entities that passed a selection process while overlooking those that did not. This can lead to incorrect conclusions because of incomplete data.
System justification
['Theory explaining defense of status quo systems\n\nSystem justification theory is a theory within social psychology that system-justifying beliefs serve a psychologically palliative function.…
Take-the-best Heuristic
What is the take-the-best heuristic? The take-the-best heuristic is a shortcut we use when making decisions between alternatives, so that we can quickly make decisions without having to know all the information about each alternative.…
Telescoping effect
In cognitive psychology, the telescoping effect (or telescoping bias) is a phenomenon in which people underestimate the recency of recent events (backward telescoping), and overestimate the recency of distant events (forward telescoping).…
Testing effect
The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory.…
The Illusion of Explanatory Depth
What is the Illusion of Explanatory Depth? The illusion of explanatory depth (IOED) describes our belief that we understand more about the world than we actually do.…
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two
"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information" is one of the most highly cited papers in psychology. It was written by the cognitive psychologist George A.…
The Pygmalion effect
What is the Pygmalion Effect? The Pygmalion effect describes situations where someone’s high expectations improves our behavior and therefore our performance in a given area. It suggests that we do better when more is expected of us.
The Sunk Cost Fallacy
What is the sunk cost fallacy? The sunk cost fallacy is our tendency to follow through with something that we’ve already invested heavily in (be it time, money, effort, or emotional energy), even when giving up is clearly a better idea.
Third-person effect
The third-person effect hypothesis predicts that people tend to perceive that mass media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves, based on personal biases.…
Time-saving bias
Time-saving bias is a concept that describes people's tendency to misestimate the time that could be saved (or lost) when increasing (or decreasing) speed.…
Tip of the tongue
Tip of the tongue (also known as TOT, or lethologica) is the phenomenon of failing to retrieve a word or term from memory, combined with partial recall and the feeling that retrieval is imminent.…
Trait ascription bias
Trait ascription bias is the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable in their personal traits across different situations.
Ultimate attribution error
The ultimate attribution error is an attribution error made when making in-group and out-group attributions. The error occurs when attributions of outgroup behavior are more negative and attributions of ingroup behavior are more positive.
Von Restorff effect
The Von Restorff effect, also known as the "isolation effect", predicts that when multiple homogeneous stimuli are presented, the stimulus that differs from the rest is more likely to be remembered.…
Weber–Fechner law
The Weber–Fechner laws are two related scientific laws in the field of psychophysics, known as Weber's law and Fechner's law. Both relate to human perception, more specifically the relation between the actual change in a physical stimulus and the perceived cha…
Well travelled road effect
The well travelled road effect is a cognitive bias in which travellers will estimate the time taken to traverse routes differently depending on their familiarity with the route.…
Zero-risk bias
Zero-risk bias is a tendency to prefer the complete elimination of risk in a sub-part over alternatives with greater overall risk reduction. It often manifests in cases where decision makers address problems concerning health, safety, and the environment.
Zero-sum bias: betekenis & voorbeelden
Een klant die naar de winkel van de concurrent gaat, wordt geen klant bij jou, toch? Dit is een typisch voorbeeld van de zero-sum bias. Woonwinkels hebben echter ontdekt dat deze manier van denken niet altijd voordelig is, en kiezen er voor om dicht bij elkaar…
Zero-sum thinking
Zero-sum thinking perceives situations as zero-sum games, where one person's gain would be another's loss. The term is derived from game theory.
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